Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt

Dynasties of Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic • 1st Dynasty (c. 3050 – 2890 BC) • 2nd Dynasty (2890 – 2686 BC) Old Kingdom • 3rd Dynasty (2686 – 2613 BC) • 4th Dynasty (2613 – 2498 BC) • 5th Dynasty (2498 – 2345 BC) • 6th Dynasty (2345 – 2181 BC) First Intermediate • 7th Dynasty (2181 – 2160 BC) • 8th Dynasty (2181 – 2160 BC) • 9th Dynasty (2160 – 2130 BC) • 10th Dynasty (2130 – 2040 BC) • 11th Dynasty (Thebes only) (2134 – 1991 BC) Middle Kingdom • 11th Dynasty (All Egypt) (2134 – 1991 BC) • 12th Dynasty (1991 – 1803 BC) • 13th Dynasty (1803 – 1649 BC) • 14th Dynasty (1705 – 1690 BC) Second Intermediate • 15th Dynasty (1674 – 1535 BC) • 16th Dynasty (1660 – 1600 BC) • 17th Dynasty (1650 – 1549 BC) New Kingdom • 18th (1549 – 1292 BC) • 19th (1292 – 1186 BC) • 20th (1186 – 1069 BC) Third Intermediate • 21st (1069 – 945 BC) • 22nd (945 – 720 BC) • 23rd (837 – 728 BC) • 24th (732 – 720 BC) • 25th (732 – 653 BC) Late Period • 26th (672 – 525 BC) • 27th (First Achaemenid Period) (525 – 404 BC) • 28th (404 – 398 BC) • 29th (398 – 380 BC) • 30th (380 – 343 BC) • 31st (Second Achaemenid Period) (343 – 332 BC)

The sixteenth dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XVI)^[1] was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled in Upper Egypt^[2] for 50 years^[3] during the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BCE), a period that saw the division of Upper and Lower Egypt between the pharaohs at Thebes and the Hyksos kings at Avaris.

Contents 1 Identification 2 History 3 Kings 4 References 5 Bibliography

Identification

Of the two chief versions of Manetho's Aegyptiaca, Dynasty XVI is described by the more reliable^[4] Africanus (supported by Syncellus)^[5] as "shepherd [hyksos] kings", but by Eusebius as Theban.^[4]

Ryholt (1997), followed by Bourriau (2003), in reconstructing the Turin canon, interpreted a list of Thebes-based kings to constitute Manetho's Dynasty XVI, although this is one Ryholt's "most debatable and far-reaching" conclusions.^[4]

History

The continuing war against Dynasty XV dominated the short-lived Dynasty XVI. The armies of Dynasty XV, winning town after town from their southern enemies, continually encroached on Dynasty XVI, eventually threatening and then conquering Thebes itself. Ryholt (1997) has suggested that Dedumose I sued for a truce in the latter years of the dynasty,^[3] but one of his predecessors, Nebiriau I, may have been more successful and seems to have enjoyed a period of peace in his reign.^[3]

Famine, which had plagued Upper Egypt during late Dynasty XIII and Dynasty XIV, also blighted Dynasty XVI, most evidently in the reign of Neferhotep III.^[3]

Kings

From Ryholt's reconstruction of the Turin canon, 15 kings of Dynasty XVI can now be named, five of whom appear in contemporary sources.^[2] While most likely ruled from Thebes itself, some may have been local rulers from other important Upper Egyptian towns, including Abydos, El Kab and Edfu.^[2] By the reign of Nebiriau I, the Dynasty XVI realm extended at least as far north as Hu.^[3] Not listed in the Turin canon (after Ryholt) is Wepwawetemsaf, who left a stele at Abydos and was likely a more local king.^[2]

Ryholt gives the list of Dynasty XVI kings as shown in the table below. ^[6] Others, such as Helck, Vandersleyen, Bennett and others combine some of these rulers with the Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt. The estimated dates come from Bennett's publication.^[7]

Dynasty XVI

Name	Horus name	Comments	Consort
Name lost
Djehuti	Sekhemre-sementawi	ca 1649 BC	Queen Mentuhotep
Sobekhotep VIII	Sekhemre-seusertawi	ca 1645 BC
Neferhotep III	Sekhemre-seankhtawi	ca 1629 BC
Mentuhotep VI	Seankhenre	ca 1628 BC
Nebiriau I	Sewadjenre	ca 1627 BC
Nebiriau II	Neferkare ?	ca 1601 BC
	Semenre	ca 1601 BC
Bebi-Ankh	Seuserenre	ca 1600 BC
Shedwast	Sekhemre	ca 1588 BC
Dedumose I	Djedhetepre
Dedumose II	Djedneferre
Montemsaf	Djedankhre
Mentuhotep VI	Merankhre		Queen Sitmut

Helck however gives a different list of rulers for the 16th dynasty: ^[8]

Dynasty XVI (Helck)

Name	Horus name	Comments	Consort
Anat-her
User-Anat
Semqen
Bebi-Ankh	Seuserenre
Pepi III	Sneferankh-re
Nebmaatre
Nikare
Meribre
Nubankhre
Ahotepre
Anetjerre
Kha-userre
Saket
Wadjet
Qar
Yakbaam
Amu
Nia...

References

Bibliography

• Bourriau, Janine (2003) [2000], "The Second Intermediate Period", in Shaw, Ian, The Oxford history of ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280458-8, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=092jP1lBhtoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s 
• Cory, Isaac Preston (1876), Cory's Ancient fragments of the Phoenician, Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and other authors, Reeves & Turner, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=IwsDAAAAMAAJ&dq=corey's+ancient+fragments&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=287FCZJyH7&sig=novEPScgzCvtkWr_FCdvxyK3G9w&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA118,M1 
• Kuhrt, Amélie (1995), The Ancient Near East: c. 3000-330 BC, London: Routledge, ISBN 9780415013536, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K-wOAAAAQAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s 
• Ryholt, K. S. B. (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 - 1550 BC. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 8772894210. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ANRi7cM5ZwsC&dq=thinis&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s.